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Determination of stomatal number

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Stomatal number : It is the average number of stomata per square mm of the epidermis of the leaf. Procedure: Clear the piece of the leaf (middle part) by boiling with chloral hydrate solution or alternatively with chlorinated soda. Peel out the lower and upper epidermis separately by means of forceps. Keep it on slide and mount in glycerin water. Arrange a camera lucida and drawing board for making the drawings to scale. Draw a square of 1mm by means of stage micrometer. Place the slide with cleared leaf (epidermis) on a stage. Trace the epidermal cell and stomata. Count the number of stomata present in the area of 1 sq mm. Include the cell if at least half of its area lies within the square. Record the result for each of the ten fields and calculate the average number of stomata per sq mm.   Number of stomata per sq mm Upper surface Lower surface Cassia auriculata 100-200 130-260 Atropa belladona
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SOLUBILITY TEST

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Aim: To determine nature of given compound using solubility test. Requirements: Beaker, Solvents , compound, Test tubes , Testtube stand , glassrod, Molisch regent , litmus paper. Procedure: 1)Take some amount of sample dissolve it in the solvent. (Solvents used are water, NaOH, NaHCO3 , HCl.) 2)Check the given compound is soluble in which solvent. If it is soluble in HCl- the given compound is water insoluble basic, NaHCO3 then water insoluble strong acid,  NaOH then water insoluble weak acid, In water the compund is water soluble neutral/acidic/basic. Theory:- When mixture of definite quantity of given solute and specific amount of given solvent forms a homogeneous amount liquid the former is said to be soluble in the latter. The study if solubilty behavior of an unknown substance in various liquids ie water , sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate and HCl. 1) compund +H2O--- ▪︎If it solublizes in water then perform litmus test •If blue litmus turns red it is water soluble acid
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CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE CAPSULE

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Capsules : Capsule are solid-dosage forms that are available in two types – hard (two-piece) or soft (one piece). The major component of the capsule shell is gelatin. The use of capsules avoids many unit operations that are associated with the manufacture of tablets, e.g. compression, granulation, drying. Capsules may be formulated to increase the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble therapeutic agents. Theory :  Diluents are employed in the formulation of tablets, capsule to increase the mass of the tablets that contain a low concentration of therapeutic agent and thereby render the manufacturing process more reliable and reproducible.  Glidants are used to lower the interparticle attraction, thereby reducing clumping and aiding powder flow.   Chlordiazepoxide capsules USP are indicated for the management of anxiety disorders or for the short-term relief of symptoms of anxiety, withdrawal symptoms of acute alcoholism, and preoperative apprehension and anxiety .       Formula :
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White Liniment

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LINIMENT   Liniment (from the Latin linere, to anoint), or embrocation, is a medicated topical preparation for application to the skin.  Sometimes called a heat rub, liniments may be water-like in viscosity or formulated as a lotion or balm and are usually rubbed in to allow for penetration of the active ingredients.  Liniments are solution or mixture of various substances in oil,alcoholic solution of soap or emulsion and may contain suitable antimicrobial preservatives.  They are for EXTERNAL USE ONLY .  General uses of liniment   Antipruritic,astringents,emollients,analgesics,rubefecient,counterirritant There are two types of Liniments:  Alcoholic liniments  Oleaginous liniments.  Liniments with an alcoholic or hydroalcoholic   vehicle are useful when rubefacient,   counterirritant, or penetrating action is   desired. Oleaginous liniments are employed   primarily when massage is desired. By their   nature, oleaginous liniments are less irrita
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Pediatric Ferrous Sulphate Solution

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SOLUTIONS Pharmaceutical solutions may be generally defined as liquid preparations in which the therapeutic agent and the various excipients are dissolved in the chosen solvent system. Pharmaceutical solutions may contain a range of excipients, each with a defined pharmaceutical purpose. Excipients includes -  Vehicle, usually purified water  Co-solvents, e.g. propylene glycol, glycerin, alcohol  Agents specifically to enhance the solubility of the therapeutic agent in the vehicle, e.g. surface-active agents  Preservatives salts, sorbic acid and sorbate salts, phenolics Sweeteners, e.g. glucose, saccharin, aspartame  Rheology (viscosity) modifiers, e.g. hydrophilic polymers (cellulose derivatives, alginic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone)  Antioxidants Colours Flavours Buffers to regulate the pH of the formulation, e.g. citrate buffer STRUCTURE Molecular weight - 151.908 g/mol THEORY Ferrous sulfate is a synthetic agent used in the treatment of iron deficiency. It is the gold standard of ora
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Lassar' s paste

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PASTES  Pastes are semisolid dosage forms that contain one or more drug substances intended for topical application. Synonym : Zinc and Salicylic acid paste BP 1988      Theory : Lassar's paste is named after scientist Oskar Lassar, he developed it for treatment of eczema. Zinc oxide works by forming a barrier on top of the skin that protects the area from moisture and irritants. Starch enhances viscosity. This medication is also used treat and prevent diaper rash and other minor skin irritation, burns, cuts, scrapes. THE LASSAR'S PASTE      SR     NO. INGREDIENTS     QTY ROLE 1 Zinc oxide 240g     Astringent 2 Salicylic acid 20g    Keratolytic agent 3 White soft  paraffin 500g      Emollient 4 Starch 240g     Absorbs moisture   Procedure:  1. The white soft paraffin was melted by warming
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PEDIATRIC PARACETAMOL SUSPENSION

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SUSPENSIONS “Suspensions are biphasic systems containing one phase(dispersed phase) distributed in fine particulate form throughout other phase(dispersion medium)’’ PROPERTIES OF GOOD SUSPENSION • On shaking,the medicament stays in suspension long enough for the dose  to be withdrawn. • The suspension is easily pourable. • The sediment formed on standing is bulky and readily redispersible. • The particles in the suspension are small and of uniform in size.  The product is free from grittiness PEDIATRIC PARACETAMOL SUSPENSION  INGREDIENTS AND THEIR ROLES Srno Ingredients                      Role  1.      Paracetamol                  Indiffusible                                                                         solid(API) 2.     Citric acid               Buffersystem 3.     Sodium citrate       Buffer system 4.     Sodium CMC               Surfactant  5.     Methyl paraben            Preservative  6.     Propyl paraben       Preservative  7.     
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